Carbon Fiber :: essays research papers

Carbon fiberCarbon fibers ar produced by apply heat to chemically change rayon or acrylate resin fibers. Carbonization occurs at temperatures of 1000 C to 2500 C in an inert atmosphere. Carbon fibers are converted to graphite at temperatures above 2500 C. Carbon and graphite fibers hind end also be made from pitch, a residual petroleum product. Products that practise carbon fibers include heat-shielding materials, aircraft fuselages and wings, spacecraft structures, and sports equipment. You rear golf, ride, sail, tennis, drive, cycle, fish, decorate or steady fly Carbon Fiber Carbon fibers are derived from one of dickens precursor materials Pitch and Pan. Pitch is based carbon fibers have unhorse mechanical properties and are therefore rarely used in searing structural applications. Pan based carbon fibers are under insistent development and are used in composites to make materials of great speciality and lightness. The raw material of Pan, acrylonitrile, is a product o f the chemical industry and can be manufactured as follows Acrylonitrile is used as a raw material in acrylic fibers, ABS resin, AS resin, synthetic rubber, acrylamide and new(prenominal) materials. Global production capacity is 4.67 million tons, some 60% of which is consumed for acrylic fibers. In the early manufacturing processes acetylene and hydrogen cyanide were used as a raw material, whereas today nearly all AN is manufactured utilize what is called the Sohio process, whereby an ammoxidation answer are applied from inexpensive propylene and ammonia. Technological advances, specially surrounding research into meliorate gass for the Sohio process, are proceeding, promoted by a doctor for energy conservation and lessening the environmental loading. The research aims include improved productivity, reduced spin-offs, and lesser wastewater and waste gas.The Sohio process was perfected in 1960 by The Standard Oil Co. of Ohio, owing to the development of an epoch-making cat alyst that synthesizes AN in a single-stage reaction using propylene and ammonia. The reaction took place using the fluid-bed od. The P-Mo-Bi group is used as the catalyst and prospering fluidized conditions are maintained by adjusting the physical properties of the catalyst. The reaction gas contains non only AN, solely also acetonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and other byproduct gasses, so AN products are obtained by having the reaction gas absorbed into water, thusly using evaporation separation. The Sohio process was epoch-making at the time it was developed, but improvements have been made in response to the following conditions The AN yield of approximately 60% was not very high The process circulated and used oversized amounts of water, requiring a lot of