Law for Non Lawyer Essay

As for one action, no matter it is legal or not is not only matches the law clauses, but also complies with the legal principle. Legal principle plays a vital role in the society. In the situation that the existing law would not have the ability to solve the new problems happened in the society, the legal principle can play a part in solving the problem. As for these situations that there are no explicit legal rules to solve the issue, the legal principle would take it. As for the relationship of the agent, the agent can represent the principal to do some things. Even if the contract is formed by the agent and the third party, the principal should take the responsibility finally. Body The Lawï ¼Å' unlike other rules, it is a symbol of authority and power. It relies on the compelling force of the state by different means of punishment. The law can be taking into many different forms, such as public law and private law, civil law and criminal law, common law and statute law, and so on. Public Law regulates the relations between citizens, companies and private associations on the one hand and the state on the other. Generally speaking, public law consists of Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Criminal Law. Private law regulates the relations between citizens, companies and private associations, such as tort law, contract law, land law, commercial law, and so on. Therefore, the law would play a role of guidance to people. For example, according to the criminal law, we can know what we can do and what we can not do. Under the press of the law, based on the fear of the punishment, we can prevent ourselves from committing a crime. Taking contract law for another example, the parties of the contract should bear the responsibility ruled in the contract. The unconstrained agreement is the basic element to a contract. Every party of the contract should comply with the quest ruled by the contract law. As for the application of common law, the judges should follow the previous decisions made in the process of the development of the law through doctrine of precedent. On the contrary, statute law is the laws made by the parliament. As for the use of the law in daily life, legal principle is one of the most important parts. At some situations, the application of the legal principle is more important than the legal clauses themselves. Due to the rapid development of the society and the economy, the evolution of the law can not keep up with the pace of the society and economy. In a result, in some cases, the existing law would not have the ability to solve the new problems happened in the society. So, as for these situations that there are no explicit legal rules to solve the issue, the legal principle is playing a vital role. According to the opinion of Leslie Green, another reason for the use of the legal principle is that law may be beneficial, but only in some contexts and always at a price, at the risk of grave injustice.[1] In general, the legal principle is formed in the process of the development of the law, experiencing a long history. It is always absorb the beneficial historical sources and develop into a useful material to match the need of the modern society for the law. It also develops to apply from an area to another area.[2] There are many legal principles can be used in our daily life. Such as the principle that everyone is equal before the law, signing a contract freely, protecting the public order and good morals, and so on. In the case of the background, although the action asking the friends to attend the party is match the rule of the law of the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010, Derek violates the legal principle of protecting the public order and good morals. As a result, Derek should take some responsibility in the civil law. In the case, Ray, the Manager of a builder’s merchants, asks Derek, a Sales Assistant at the same workplace, to keep an eye on his 5-acre smallholding while he is on holiday in Spain. Derek emails a few of his friends to attend his 21st birthday party in a disused barn on Ray’s farm land. Due to a technical error, the email was sent to his entire email address book. Over 600 people arrive at the party and a neighbor farmer calls the police complaining about the noise. Derek is arrested for breach of the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties Act 2010. For the Act, it applies to a gathering of more than a hundred people on land for a social purpose in which it is likely that alcohol will be consumed. It is a criminal offence to organize such a gathering without the permission of a local magistrate unless the organizer is an exempt person. (James B. Crippin, Jerry Ahern. Peter Squires. 2011) For the birthday party, it gathers over 600 people, it is up to the mustard of rally, that is, (1) particular majority participate; (2) participants have a more consistent motivation and purpose; (3) in the course, it has the serious violations, damage to public order, harm public safety or others. So, it needs to receive the permission of a local magistrate, otherwise, it will violate the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties Act 2010. From the case of the background, we can see Derek and Ray form an oral contract and an agent relationship. In general, a contract is formed at the basic of the mutual assent between the parties.[3] According to the view of Miguel Pickard, the relationship formed among the people is aim at the interests of the parties.[4] The agent relationship formed between Derek and Ray is a typical example. In the stage of the leave of Ray, Derek, as the agent of Ray, would gain some rights as well as some responsibilities. Agent is formed by two parties: the agent, the principal. In the sense of the law, the relationship of agent has three parties: agent, principal and the third party. An agent is the one who is empowered to represent the principal to do some things, either implied or expressly. In the real life, although the contract is signed by the agent and the third party, in fact, the legal relation is created between the principal and the third party. An agency is formed either by express agreement or by implied agreement. In general, the relationship of agent formed by implied agreement is shaped in some necessary or emergent situations or shaped by custom. Such as a person entrusts with others’ property, need to preserve immediately, impossible or extraordinarily difficult to communicate with the principal. Once two people create the agent relationship and publish to public by words or other forms, this means that the third party has the evidence t believe their agent relationship. The agent and the principal can not deny the relationship casually. If the third party believes one person who is actually no authority to represent the principal is the agent of the principal and do some trade or sign an agreement with this person, the principal can ratify the authority afterwards. But there are some limiting conditions for the ratification: the principal who should have the contractual capacity must be informed of all the fac ts of the agency and ratify the authority during a reasonable time; the ratification must be of the entire contract and can be inferred. As long as the authority is ratified, the relation formed between the agent and the third party is binding to the principal.[5]As for the agent relationship, all of the parties should take their own responsibility and enjoy the right. The agent should follow the principal’s instructions. The agent can not make profits in the name of the principal for himself secretly. In general, the right of the agent to represent the principal is limited. If the agent makes profits secretly making use of the benefit of the principal, it is illegal.[6] In order to serve for the principal, the agent would ask for remuneration from the principal. The agent has right to ask for indemnity and reimbursement from the principal as long as injured or hurt during the stage of agency. Once the principal tries to avoid the liability, the agent enjoys the right of lien. The principal should make explicit authority to the agent and give relevant reward to the agent. If the agent does not represent the principal as the follow of the principal, the principal can use some remedies, such as refuse to pay the agent, sue for damage, ask the agent to recover the thing as before. The most important legal effect of the agent relationship is that the principal should take the responsibility of the acts of the agent. In the case of the background, the action of the agent of purchasing the apartment is binding to the principal. The principal should take the responsibility for the agent action. The trade made by the agent and the third party is binding to the principal.[7] In general, the principal is not always disclosing. As for the disclosed principal, the principal is bound by any contract unless the following situations: the agent exceeds their authority, the agent agrees to be liable and the principal is non existent. With respect to the undisclosed principal, the third party can choose one or more to take the liability, while the principal can sue unless the identity of the party is essential to the contract. The agent relationship can be terminated for many reasons. The agent and the principal can make an agreement to end the relationship. The relationship also can be ended by other legal reasons, such as the death of one of the agent or the principal, time is expiring, and so on. In the case of the background, Derek, as the agent of Ray, gets some rights authorized by Ray. Derek can use the smallholding in reasonable means. Although Derek does not need to take the Criminal responsibility, he should bear the civil liability for his action which affects the normal life of the neighborhood around the smallholding. But, according the law about the agent, the principal Ray would be the first defendant. After Ray bears the responsibility for the action of Derek, Ray can ask for Derek to undertake the liability for his action. According to the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010, this Act applies to a gathering of more than a hundred people on land for a social purpose. But it is a criminal offence to organize a gathering if there is without the permission of a local magistrate unless the organizer is an exempt person. In the act, the exempt person means the occupier, any member of his family or his employee or agent of his. In the case of the background, Ray asks Derek to keep an eye on his 5-acre smallholding while he is on holiday in Spain. According to the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010, as the agent of Ray during his holiday in Spain, Derek in entitled to use the smallholding for some purpose. In order to celebrate the twenty-first birthday, Derek asks his friend to attend the party is match the provisions of the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010. Even if Derek does not gain the permission of a local magistrate, he also has the right to hold the party at the reason that he is an exempt person. The reason why Derek is an exempt person is that Derek becomes the agent of Ray in the period of Ray’s leave due to the agreement of both parties. However, even if the action of Derek to ask his friends to attend the party is comply with the quest of the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010, Conclusion In general, on action can infringe several laws. At the same time, one action is punished either it does not comply with the provision of the law or it does not match the legal principle. At some situations, legal principle plays a vital role in the society. In the situation that the existing law would not have the ability to solve the new problems happened in the society, the legal principle can play a part in solving the problem. As for these situations that there are no explicit legal rules to solve the issue, the legal principle would take it. As for the relationship of the agent, the agent can represent the principal to do some things. Even if the contract is formed by the agent and the third party, the principal should take the responsibility finally. Just as the case in the background, Derek should take the responsibility for his action. Reference ï ¼â€  Bibliography [1] Bolton Partners v Lambert (1889) 41 Ch D 295 [2] Christina Maria Vogerl, â€Å"Unfair Terms in Standard Form Contracts†, European Master Program in Law & Economics. [3] Leslie Green, â€Å"the concept of law revisited†, Michigan Law Review, vol.94; 1687 [4] Lloyd & Grace, Smith & Co [1912] AC 716 [5] Lunghi v Sinclair [1966] WAR 172 [6] Miguel, P 2007,‘reflections on relationships: the nature of partnership according to five NGOs in southern Mexico’, Development in Practice, volume 17, numbers 4-5 [7] P. J. du Plessis, â€Å"The Creation of Legal Principle†, Roman Legal Tradition, 4 (2008), 46–69, ISSN 1943-6483 [8] James B. Crippin, Jerry Ahern. Peter Squires. (2011). â€Å"First Response to Bombing Incidents and Weapons of Mass Destruction†. Chemical Rubber Company Press. [9] Aled Griffiths, â€Å"How are statutes interpreted?†, page617, Law for Non-Lawyers, Second Edition, ISBN 978-0-85776-696-0 ———————– [1] Leslie Green, â€Å"the concept of law revisited†, Michigan Law Review, vol.94;1687 [2] P. J. du Plessis, â€Å"The Creation of Legal Principle†, Roman Legal Tradition, 4 (2008), 46–69, ISSN 1943-6483 [3] Christina Maria Vogerl,â€Å"-$%01234;@EFLRWX_hiwxyÃ… ½Ãƒ µÃƒ ¬Ãƒ  Ãƒ ¬Ãƒ µÃƒ ¬Ãƒ µÃƒâ€Ãƒ ¬Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¬Ã‚ ³Ã‚ §Ã…“? ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ³{ ³m ³aTD ³h–’à ¬hà a «5?CJ aJ mHh ´Chà a «5?CJ aJ h–’à ¬hà a «5?CJ aJ o([pic]hßshà a «5?CJ aJ hà a «5?CJ aJ Unfair Terms in Standard Form Contracts†, European Master Program in Law & Economics. [4] Miguel, P 2007,â€Å"reflections on relationships: the nature of partnership according to five NGOs in southern Mexico†, Development in Practice, volume 17, numbers 4-5 [5] Bolton Partners v Lambert (1889) 41 Ch D 295 [6] Lunghi v Sinclair [1966] WAR 172 [7] Lloyd & Grace, Smith & Co [1912] AC 716

Democracy vs. Dictatorship Essay

There are basically two types of government, Democracy and Dictatorship. Democracy is a majority ruled government. The origin democracy government formed in 400 B.C. in Athens. There are three kinds: Direct democracy where people directly vote in decision; indirect democracy where people elect representative to make decisions, such as our Congress; and Elite democracy where the rich make decision. A dictatorship is government ruled by the few over the many. There are different kinds, such as Communism which meet basic needs of all people; Monarchy where ruled by birth right; Oligarchy where ruled by the few military; and Fascism which is the system of government in Italy. These two types of government are totally opposite of each other and they both have their advantages and disadvantages. In a democracy, people are free and they have their human right. Such as in the United States, we have the bill of right, the first ten amendments. We have freedom to speech; have the right to vote for our government. We also have written rule to limit our government that no one is above the law. Therefore everybody have equal opportunity to success. Moreover, democracy trend to have peaceful power transaction, such as our President we voted for it every four years. However, there are also disadvantages in democracy. Discussion making is slow in democracy since it has to be voted on and pass through many steps. It also has weaker military during peacetime. In addition, since people have more freedom and the government not strict as dictatorship, it usually has higher crime rate and has a wider disparity between rich and poor. In dictatorship, government got their power from the military, therefore they have a stronger military and have lower crime rate. Moreover, since the government has the power to make decision, it has quicker act on decision-making. Dictatorship government potential to provide for the basic standard of living for everybody, but only China and Cube does a good job. The weakness for dictatorship is people have no personal freedom. The government makes all the rules and they can change it as they want anytime. Beside the basic need, government not responsive for other people. And because of the strong control government, a lot of corrupt going on, people have neither opportunity nor fair justice. And when time comes to change of  government, it tends to be violent and bloody because they will never give up their power in the government, therefore it will come to revolution. Democracy and dictatorship both have their advantages and disadvantages. We still can find these two types of government throughout the world. Even though nowadays, many countries worldwide are more trends towards to the democracy such as country in Latin America and Earthen Europe. Weather you like it or not, are your choice if you want your freedom in democracy or if you want much easier to be a subject in dictatorship.

Lab Safety Paragraphs Essay

Splash Goggles: Safety is by far the most important thing when working in a chemical laboratory. There are over thousands of injuries that occur each year that are partially non-preventable, but a great majority are preventable accidents that could have been solved with simple lab safety. One of the most critical pieces of lab safety would have to be wearing eye protection. Eye protection could save your vision and eye protection should be worn at all times regardless if an experiment is being conducted or not. The eye protection worn should also have wide shields in order to protect your ears as well as your neck. There are many types of eye protection: chemical splash goggles face shields, safety glasses, etc. The type of eye protection required is dependable on the chemicals and situation so always understand the experiment first before choosing eye protection and if you do not know, you should always ask your TA. Hand Gloves: Another critical piece of lab safety would be wearing gloves when conduction experiments. They are necessary when your TA requires you to wear them. They will protect you from chemicals, but they do not offer permanent protection from chemicals. Following suit, gloves, like eye protection, come in many different forms, which can include, but are not limited to the following: latex gloves, neoprene gloves, etc. Gloves also come in different lengths depending, once again, on the situation and experiment being conducted. Gloves should not be reused unless they are clean and free of chemicals. Also, gloves should be checked for holes and cracks because the last thing that should happen is having any part of your body coming into contact with  chemicals. Gloves should also be removed before touching other things like your phone or notebooks. Long Pants: Wearing long pants (from hip to foot) while performing any type of experiment in the lab, is another essential safety rule that must be followed. Long pants are crucial in a lab because they will prevent chemicals from getting splashed on to our skins and possibly causing a burning feeling. Only long pants and coats are strictly needed for clothing because other loose clothing such as shorts, skirts, etc. are much more likely to easily catch fire, or be dragged through chemicals, or even tangle up in moving equipment. Closed toe shoes: Many of the labs in chemistry involve dangerous substances that could cause harm to our skin. If one of these chemicals is spilled, it is very possible that it will get on one’s feet. Wearing sandals leaves the toes exposed and prone to be harmed by the spilled chemicals. Also, most of the utensils used in a lab are made of glass. Where there is glass, there is a possibility that it might break. If broken glass pieces get on your exposed feet, there is a high chance of injuries happening. Whereas if one wears closed toe shoes, even if shattered glass fell on our feet, they would be protected. Lab Coat: A lab coat is another essential safety issue when working in the lab. In the chemistry lab we will be working with many substances, many of which are toxic and could easily get on our skin and clothes. A lab coat protects our skin and doesn’t allow substances to get on our clothes. There is also a risk that our clothes might catch on fire. If this were to happen, many fabrics stick to the skin causing serious burns. A lab coat is made of materials that won’t stick to one’s body in case of a fire. Also, a lab coat is much easier to take off than regular clothes, allowing for less time to burn.

Religious Congregational Website Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Religious Congregational Website - Essay Example Developing a social networking website for young member of the congregation to develop interest and increase participation requires insights about the target population. The development of such information is critical if the website is to be one that is stay accessible, sustainable and responsive long-term. These consideration hold true though congregations are usually limited geographically: Granqvist and Hagekull (2000) point out that a number of the juvenile respondents of their research expressed their sense of isolation is oftentimes most highlighted by their local community interactions. The implication of the study is that geographical proximity does not ensure a sense of inclusion to social institutions. In a similar study, Oman and associates revealed that one of the primary deterrents from young populations to accessing help and support services is their perception that they will gain notoriety or that their privacy will be compromised (Cooley-Strickland et al, 2009). In al l these cases, what is being highlighted is the importance of self-image and social inclusion. The site that is to be developed should consider these factors very closely. Like any other social networking platform, user interfaces should allow for personalization, socialization and self-expression (Thorn, 2009).

Facing Challenges at Death's Door Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Facing Challenges at Death's Door - Essay Example This paper seeks to discuss some of the challenges that a dying patient, the patient’s family, and caregivers may face during the dying process and measures that I can take, as a caregiver, to address the challenges. Challenges for the dying patient and possible measures for addressing the challenges People who undergo natural death experience a process that precedes their death. The ultimate stage of death is sometimes defined for patients, especially those who suffer from chronic diseases. Lost hope among the patients may also present the perception that death is imminent and the patients begin to await their death. The time towards death and the exact time of death offer many challenges to patients and pain is one of the major challenges that patients face in the dying process. Most of the diseases that cause death destabilizes patient’s biological system and results in discomfort. Some diseases such as cancer are for example reported with extreme level of pain that patients have to endure as they await death. At advanced level of cancer, for example, there is a probability that 90 percent of patients suffer from extreme level of pain. Pain also induces other challenges to the patients and this identifies its significance. It also causes or moderates depression among patients and may even lead to suicide. Depression is another major challenge that dying patients face and majorly results from diseases with extreme levels of pain. At least 60 percent of cancer patients, for example, suffer from depression and a significant percentage of victims of the chronic disease, almost half, report cases of psychological disorder. Depression is common among dying patients because of its diverse causes that may range from pain, anxiety, neglect, and loss of control of life. Identified effects of depression, in healthy an unhealthy people, also identifies its significance as a challenge to dying patients. A study of diabetes mellitus patients, which can be in ferred to patients with other terminal illnesses and especially in their dying stages, established that depression has adverse effects on patients’ quality of life but dying patients needs a high quality of life as a measure to overcoming their pain and the reality of death. The high incidence of pain, depression and their dependence on other conditions that the patients face, and their effects on the patients’ condition identify pain and depression as the major challenges that dying patients face (Woo, Maytal and Stern, 2006; Eren, Erdi and Sahin, 2008). Maintaining hope in the patient’s life is the most suitable way for addressing the pain and depression issues. Treating the dying patient as though they do not suffer from terminal conditions, managing their pain, and offering emotional support is likely to develop the patients’ positive attitude and reduce their psychological pain. Effective care and strong relations with the patients can achieve such o ptimism. Some level of pain, such as in advanced stages of cancer my however fail to respond to such measures and a patient’s poor attitude towards the dying process may also undermine

Not sure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Not sure - Essay Example This entails display of excellent characters thus, promoting human virtues. Confucians have an optimistic view of humankind. They believe in the possibility of the ordinary man to become awe- inspiring and thus, man is teachable, perfectible, and improvable. This is achievable through personal as well as communal endeavors and is possible by self-creation and self-cultivation. Moreover, it focuses on cultivation of virtues such as ren, yi and li (Juergensmeyer, 70). Ren advocates for humaneness and altruism for people in the society, yi advocates for moral disposition to shun evil and righteousness while li advocates for the propriety and norms on human behavior in a society. On proper governance, it advices a person who wants to rule to first rule or govern himself before governing others (Haynes, 14). Therefore, for one to become a good leader, he should understand the principles and values for governing as this would provide him with the knowledge necessary for ruling others. Both Taoists and Confucians promote human virtues for honesty and naturalness for a successful life (Juergensmeyer, 70). They promote such values since they make life more comfortable and facilitate peaceful coexistence. However, Taoists disagree with the notion of governance through the establishment of laws and regulations. It sees the laws and regulations as a means of promoting rebellion and restricting the way man should live on earth (Haynes, 12). Conversely, Confucians accept the issue of governance, but on condition that the ruler first rules himself before ruling others. Taoists and Confucians have positive implications on human life and proper governance in that they facilitate the establishment of virtues and understanding the principles of proper governance. "Life and works of Confucius, by Prospero Intorcetta, 1687 Retrieved from Dec, 10, 2012 from http://members.tripod.com/~laotzu_2doagod.html Confucian temple in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China 2) Tariki refers to the power or authority of Amitabha Budha, which is other power. However, jiriki refers to self-power and ability of a person achieve liberation or reach enlightenment. It advocates for one to experience own truth and not rely on others’ experience for truth. The age of mappo refers to the age or period of degeneration of Buddha’s regulations and laws. It is believed to refer to the current or modern age in human history. Shinran Buddhism believes that recitation of Amitabha Buddha supports faith, as well as birth within paradise of Pure Land to attain enlightenment (Naberman, 113). It was among the largest schools of thoughts of Buddhism in Japan until the demise of the founder, Shinran. Pure Land of Honen Buddhism believes in tariki. According to the believers, repeated chanting the phrase namu amida butsu, otherwise regarded as Homage to Amitabha Buddha results in enlightenment (Naberman, 115). This enabled it become very popular within Japan. Nichiren Daishonin introdu ced Nichiren Budhism and entails mediation that employs a repeated phrase of mantra known as namu myo renge kyo. It is a form of salutation to Lotus Sutra for happiness, enlightenment, and

Stravinsky and Primitivism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stravinsky and Primitivism - Essay Example Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky was a Russian composer, pianist and also a conductor. He is considered to be one the most important composers during the early 20th century. His great reputation pushed through revolutionary boundaries of the musical design. His works and the works of other people from that period, mostly made use of traditional music forms. An example of this is the concerto Grosso, symphony and fugue (Bell 25). This was often to pay tribute to the form of music of the earlier masters like Tchaikovsky. Stravinsky’s professional life, which was at most in the 20th century, included many of the modern classical styles of music. Most composers who existed during his lifetime and those after were greatly influenced by him. He has the great desire to learn art, literature and life (Bell 25). Stravinsky was named as one of the truly epochal innovators of music. Aside from the technical innovations, which consisted of rhythm and harmony, the â€Å"changing face† of his compositional style was the most imperative feature of his work. It retained a distinctive and essential identity all the time. Primitivism is known in art as the style of works of self-trained artists who build up their talents in an imaginary manner, as in the paintings of Henri Rousseau and Grandma Moses. The phrase primitive has also been used to portray the style of time before American naive painters as Edward Hicks and has been practical to the art of the mixture of Italian and Netherland schools, which were formed before late 15th century. Recently, the term has incorporated the contemporary artists who research the earlier periods and the cultures far-off to their own like Robert Smithson and Joseph Beuys (Bell 25). Primitivism is a western art movement that has copied different visual forms from the non-western or the prehistoric peoples (Bell 25). The act of borrowing from primitive art has been very vital to the improvement of the modern art. For a long time, the de bate to get back to the basics and try to simplify things has been on. This looks at the advantages and disadvantages of simple verses a complicated life (Bell 25). The key elements of the overall primitivism as a basic function of art and development in and around the turn of the century will be articulated so as to be understood. Different art forms using principles of new developments and technologies In the modern society, with the new innovations, improved tools like computers have been incorporated in the basic art. Work of contemporary artists’ is evaluated using the computer and digital imagery by using a variety of formats. Many people are viewing these aspects of the modern technology to be complex and prefer to practice the earlier forms of art. The modern European and Euro American representational conventions are mostly inspired non western art and artifacts (Bell 25). This trend toward the greater use of technology as a creative tool will probably continue into the future, but with different forms (Bell 25). The reason behind this is due to the perspective that, individuals have on the technology that is now at hand. Technology has mostly made the work of the artists to be easy and simple, in terms of design and storage. Stravinsky’s use of motivic development, which is a repetition of different guises of musical figures throughout a composition, includes motivic development. This is essentially where notes are added or subtracted to a motif regardless of the consequent changes in metre. The same technique can be seen being used in the 16th century. For example, this is depicted in the music of Orlandus lassus, Carlo Gesualdo and Roe Cipriano (Hiller 56). Stravinsky maybe the only great composer, who managed to come up with a

Successful Student Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Successful Student - Essay Example As a sign, there is a need to establish on what grounds a person can excel in college. Success for college students is as a result of their character before they become a part of the institution and after joining the system. The article reviews on the way a character defines a person and how it induces the success f the Person in the learning institution. The aspect that a person with a bad character cannot or can excel in the education system is part of the script. The argument that earlier character also induces the character that results at college is also a part of the publication. In addition, the aspect of whether the friends of a person influence an individuals character in such a way that they affect the grades in college is a part of the script. The chief aim is to instill skills in an individual in order to prepare the person for the real world. In order for the person to become a success, there is a need to instill knowledge from all facets. The bid is in an attempt of producing an all round person who is capable of living in the high competition of the world. In order for a person to excel in college, it is well enough to think of what they need to become successful. A person needs to have discipline. Training revolves around good character, good time management, respect and the act of expressing logic. In other words, a person must be civilized enough in order to make the most out of college education. Success in college comes from maintaining strict class attendance. The student should have a timetable for all his classes and strive always to get there in time. Timely arrival is important because most tutors use the first few minutes of their sessions, to sum up, the previous lecture. It is not enough to attend classes, but the student must commit full attention and participation while in class. The student should aim to contribute as much as possible and get involved by asking questions. This not only makes them enjoy the class session,

Early Learning Center Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Early Learning Center - Essay Example The expected early learning center will offer a cutting edge kids care alongside the preschool requirements for the working parents. This will be a privately owned and family operated kids’ learning center for the young ones aged between 3 and 6 years old (Craig 2009, p. 43). The director of the institution is dedicated to serving every child and family with a deep and specialized concern. He must be dedicated to offering a staff of encouraged teachers who realize the personal growth transitions and skills of every child and will direct them at attaining their full potential. Behrman (2006) stated that the fact that there were many children at their hands of their nannies, implies that setting up an educational center will ensure that the idea fills this gap. Most parents in the past have wanted their children to start learning as early as two years but have not had a chance to do so. ELC, therefore, will be taken as a perfect project to support their children’s safety andlearning, while at the same time keeping them time to address their own issues without much care on how their kids will be in the future (Casper & Theilheimer, 2009). However, although the ELC idea came at the right time, still other sector competitors may be a threat to the succ esses and growth of the company. A number of competitors that ELC need to be careful with are institutions offering advanced childcare from age of 6 to 9 like the Edgewood childcare center, schools with childcare facilities. Currently, with the computer age, there are so many child programs presented that may prevent parents from taking their children to ELC and instead introduce them to such Internet child programs. Early Learning Center ensuresthat there is a significant difference in the lives of the young kids by working to offer distinction in early care and training. It also guarantees

The Eureka Stockade Essay Example for Free

The Eureka Stockade Essay Conditions on the gold fields, unfair laws, racism, anti-British attitudes and the miner’s license, played a huge part in causing the Eureka Rebellion to take place. The miners’ eventually grew tired of the unfair laws and living conditions, so they built the Eureka Stockade and gathered firearms, in an attempt to fight for their rights and liberties. During the early morning of December 3rd 1854, the authorities launched an attack on the stockade. The miners’ fought back fervently, but their basic weapons and determination was no match for the military’s vast numbers and fierce weaponry. Even though the revolt itself was a military failure, the miners’ rebellion led to personal and political benefits for many Australians. The Eureka Stockade was a bloody but essential part of Australian history. It played a vital role in the development of democracy and personal identity within Australia. The rebellion was caused by a number of issues within the gold fields. The miners were suffering from a number of injustices. They had no political rights; they were not allowed to vote in elections nor were they entitled to a representative in the Legislative Council, and they were treated unjustly by the blatantly brutal and corrupt government officials. However, their main grievance was the excessive and overpriced gold mining license, which cost thirty shillings each month to renew. Most of the miners’ found it nearly impossible to pay the ridiculously priced mining fee and still meet the cost of living, on the scarce and barely sufficient amount of money they had. The miners’ were required to carry their licenses with them at all times, if they were found without their license they could be fined or imprisoned. The dreaded â€Å"License Hunts† were soon brought in. License Hunts gave police the liberty to check a miner’s license at random. Those found without a license were liable to severe fines and unjust imprisonment and punishment. Most of the police were unsatisfactory, as many of them were ex-convicts and guards; because of this many of the officers were inclined to violence and brutality during a License Hunt. The officers’ brutality and unjust behaviour further infuriated the miners and made the Ballarat Gold-Fields’ police subject to much hatred. Corrupt Officialdom was a heady problem on the gold fields. In one instance, a group of men beat a drunken Scottish digger to death, the group included local publican James Bentley. James was a friend of the local magistrate; because of this he and the other three men escaped persecution. The miners were appalled. A group of three miners went to Bentley’s hotel and burnt it to the ground in defiance. It was not too soon after that the men were charged with arson. On the 11th of November 1854, ten thousand miners met to demand the release of the three men, the right for all males to vote and the abolition of the miners license; this meeting led to the formation of the Ballarat Reform League. Several of the Reform League leaders had also been involved with the Chartist movement in England. On the 29th of November of that same year, twelve thousand people at Bakery Hill watched as the Southern Cross flag, otherwise known as the Eureka Flag, was unveiled for the first time. The flag became the symbol of their struggle; the miners burned their licenses and fired shots into the air under the flag in an act of triumph and defiance. The next day, under the governance of an Irishman, Peter Lalor, a smaller but determined group swore the oath under the Eureka flag. â€Å"We swear by the Southern Cross to stand truly by each other and fight to defend our rights and liberties† – The Miners Oath The small group of miners, marched to the Eureka Lead and forged wooden barricades, to form what is now famously known as the Eureka Stockade. The uthorities, despising the miners’ rebellion, called in reinforcements from Melbourne and prepared their attack. After two days of leaving the miners unharmed in their stockade, heavily armed soldiers and police attacked the stockade on Sunday the 3rd of December 1854. The miners were unprepared and caught off guard; they fought with determination and courage, but were outnumbered and outgunned. Although th e miners lost the battle, ultimately the war was won. Twenty-Two of the miners were left dead, and a further 125 miners were taken prisoner, many being severely wounded. The authorities only suffered from six casualties, being police officers and troopers. An estimation of 120 miners were arrested after the Stockade, many of them being innocent. However, thirteen of them were charged with High Treason, despite the evidence against them, not a single one of the miners were found guilty. Peter Lalor, the leader of the revolt, and a few other men from the rebellion, managed to escape the scene. Lalor’s left arm which was badly wounded from gunshot wounds was eventually amputated. When Hotham’s Royal Commission Report was finally handed down it assessed all aspects of the administration on the gold fields. The report made several major recommendations including the abolition of the miners license, cuts on the amount of police, the replacement of gold commissioners and the restriction on Chinese immigration. According to Blainey, It was perhaps the most generous concession offered by a governor to a major opponent in the history of Australia up to that time. The members of the commission were appointed before Eureka they were men who were likely to be sympathetic to the diggers. Peter Lalor and the other rebels, who had escaped from the Stockade, came out of hiding after a general amnesty was proclaimed on the 9th of May 1855. Lalor then wrote a statement to the Colonists of Victoria stating, There are two things connected with the late outbreak (The Eureka Stockade) which I deeply regret. The first is, that we shouldn’t have been forced to take up arms at all; and the second is, that when we were compelled to take the field in our own defence, we were unable (through want of arms, ammunition and a little organisation) to inflict on the real authors of the outbreak the punishment they so richly deserved. In 1855 Lalor had become the first Member of the Legislative Council, for the seat of Ballarat. The miners in Ballarat were given eight representatives in Parliament. During one of Lalor’s speeches in the Legislative Council in 1856 he said, I would ask these gentlemen what they mean by the term democracy. Do they mean Chartism or Republicanism? If so, I never was, I am not now, nor do I ever intend to be a democrat. But if a democrat means opposition to a tyrannical press, a tyrannical people, or a tyrannical government, then I have been, I am still, and will ever remain a democrat. Lalor was later elected to the New Legislative Assembly in1856, and then went on to be elected Speaker of the Legislative Assembly in 1880. The Eureka Stockade influenced Australia greatly. Even though the short term benefits of Eureka were only mildly beneficial, the long term results have drastically changed and shaped Australia. The Eureka Stockade was the foundation stone of democracy in Australia, with some even arguing that Australian democracy was born at Eureka. Eureka also saw the beginning of Australia becoming its own, independent nation, without having strong ties to the British. It gave many ordinary, working-class peoples the same rights as those who were born in to wealth and power.

Bio-ethanol Production by Using Oil Palm Frond Juice (OPFJ)

Bio-ethanol Production by Using Oil Palm Frond Juice (OPFJ) OBJECTIVES To enhance bioethanol production using OPFJ as substrate To optimized biotehanol production using various fermentation mode INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH BACKGROUND Brazil and USA is the first producers with the world ethyl alcohol production about 51000 mills liters with an average of 73% of produces ethanol worldwide corresponds to fuel ethanol, 17% to beverage ethanol and 10% to industrial ethanol (Eufrozina NIGA, 2009). Bio-ethanol can be a product from an edible source which known as first generation bio-ethanol such as sugarcane and corns. Second generation of bio-ethanol is from lignocelluloses biomass is from non-edible source such as palm oil biomass. This make second generation of bio-ethanol is a better choice to replace fossil fuel without disturbing food sources. By converting the waste into valuable product we can reduce the environmental problem. Lignocelluloses material contain about 50% 60% carbohydrate in the form of cellulose and hemicelluloses which may be fermented to ethanol and 20%-35% of lignin (Mats Galbe et al, 2007). Nowadays palm oil tree is one of the main source for the production of bio-ethanol but there are not m uch attention is been given to oil palm sap which are product that come from the tree component such as oil palm trunk and oil palm fronds. Malaysia is the world’s largest exporter of palm oil product. Malaysia produces a large amount of agro-industrial residue with oil palm industry itself produced about 33 million tons of residues annually in the form of empty fruit bunch, fiber and shell (MPOB, 2009; Mohamed and Lee, 2006). Malaysia has produced about 51 million tons of oil palm fronds with 53% of the total palm biomass in year 2008 (Goh et al, 2010; MPOB, 2009). Bio-fuel that produces from palm oil tree is an environmental friendly therefore many interest are being shown to this sources. Mostly, the major parts of the solid biomass from the oil palm tree are being leave behind on the plantation is to be found as oil palm fronds. It has been reported that about 46837K tons of oil palm fronds has been produced in Malaysia in the year 2007 as an agriculture wastes. Palm oil frond is one of the useful raw materials for the production of bio-ethanol which is environmental friendly way. Pre-treatment of the oil palm frond need to be done to achieve a good bio-ethanol production. However, ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass is relatively expensive because of the latest technologies. The main contradict are low yield and cost of the hydrolysis process (Sun and Cheng, 2002). Thus, oil palm frond juice is being introduced as another source for the production of bio-ethanol. Previous study has been shown that oil palm juice is suitable to used as fermentation feedstock because there was no inhibition on microbial growth or product formation, there were no impurities, it was easy to be operated, and it had no risk on health and safety (Zahari et al, 2012). Oil palm frond sap has been proved by Zahari et al. (2012) contains high sugar content which is 76.09 Â ± 2.85 g/l. There has been reported by Eze and Ogan (1988) that sucrose is the dominant sugar in the oil palm frond sap that consist of 10% w/v, as for glucose and fructose consist of et al, 2010. However in Malaysia, a study shows that glucose is the dominant sugar in the oil palm sap (Kosugi et al., 2010). Since there are many studies show that oil palm juice contains higher sugar content, a high level of the production of bio-ethanol from oil palm sap is further study. A study by Nwachukwu (2008) shows that improving yeast resistance by protoplast fusion increased yields of ethanol by 16% v/v. Apart from that, types of fermentation also one of the factor that improve the production of bio-ethanol. Thus, this project aim is to increase the yield of the bio-ethanol production using oil palm frond juice by various type of fermentation process. PROBLEM STATEMENT Uses of natural sources like petroleum is been used over the decades and the demand of this sources are being increases from time to time. Over the century, there are an increasing of energy consumption with the increasing of world population, thus more growing countries become industrialized which there are possibility that the sources will be depleted one day. Apart from that, petroleum is harmful to human and environment and with the increasing of fossil fuel will lead to increasing of carbon dioxide that eventually leads to global warming issue. Thus, an alternative sources of the fuels is been quest to overcome the shortness of the fossil fuels. Bio-ethanol is one of the solutions to this problem. This is because bio-ethanol is a form of renewable energy source which are easy available, low cost and most efficient bio-fuel. Bio-ethanol offers a great advantages because it can be produced from various feedstock such as corn, sugarcane, red seaweed part sugar beet and many more (M ohd Dinie et al, 2013).Apart from that , bio-ethanol help in reducing air pollution and carbon dioxide accumulation. Nowadays, high demands of fuel are been constantly increase over the world. Brazil is been known as the largest producer of the sugarcane and a most competitive producer of the bio-ethanol in the world. The arises of bio-ethanol from sugarcane is a prove that energy sources are being run out and constant increasing of fuel cars around the world. Fossil energy gives an impact to the atmosphere because the burning of the petroleum result in increasing of carbon dioxide emission to the environment which is the main causes of greenhouse effect. Production of bio-ethanol is increase significantly because many countries are looking for reducing oil imports, increasing rural economies and for better air quality (Eufrozina NIGA, 2009). 4.0Â  METHOD 4.1Â  Raw material preparation and Juice Clarification. (Potential Utilization of Sap from Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) for Lactic Acid Production by Lactobacillus casei by S. Chooklin et al, 2011) Oil palm frond (OPF) will be harvest from oil palm tree from a local oil palm plantation. The leaves from the frond will be cut off and discard. The harvest OPF will be press using sugar-cane machine press as soon as possible after the frond was harvested. OPF juice produced will be collect and filtered using coffee filter. The filtered OPF juice will be centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 15 minutes. Supernatant will be stored at -20Â °C before use. 4.2 OPF Juice Sugar Composition (Ethanol Production Using Immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Lyophilized Cellulose Gel by Eleonora Winkelhausen et al, May 2010) HPLC type:HPLC (Shimadzu Japan ), equipped with refractive index Detector Type of column: APS-Hypersil column ( diameter of 250mm x 46mm) Mobile phase:70% Acetonitrile and 30% de-ionized water Column temperature:40Â °C with maximum operating temperature of 80Â °C Flow rate: 0.6 ml/min Sample volume: 20Â µl Pressure: 10MPa 4.3Â  Pure Culture Establishment (Study on Bioethanol Production from Oil Palm Trunk (Opt) Sap by Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Kyokai No.7 by Nina Farhana 2010) (Isolation of Microorganism from Oil Palm Sap by Nurul Nadia Ummira, 2011) 100mL of the Nutrient Broth Medium supplemented with g/L; Yeast Extract, 5; Peptone, 10 and 15% of glucose solution, 50 (Jamaludin, 2010) will be measured in a 250mL conical flask and will be autoclaved at 121 C in 15 minutes. Saccharomyces cerevisiae will be subculture into the Nutrient Broth. The mixture will be incubated for 24 hours at 150 rpm, 30oC. The suspension obtained will be subculture on the Nutrient Agar slant and will be incubated for another 2-3 days. The Nutrient Agar slants will be stored in refrigerator at 4oC. 4.4 Inoculums preparation (Study On Bio ethanol Production From Oil Palm Trunk (OPT) Sap by Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Kyokai No.7 by Nina Farhana 2010) (Optimization study of ethanol fermentation from oil palm trunk, rubber wood and mixed hardwood hydrolysates using Saccharomyces cerevisiae by K.L. Chin et al , 2010) About 3 4 loop of pure culture will be transferred from agar slant into 100 mL of sterile Nutrient Broth in 250 ml conical flask plug with sterile cotton. The flask will be incubated for 24 hours at 30Â °C and 150 rpm until reach standard initial concentration. The cell concentration will be standardized to 0.2 0.4 g/L (OD = 4.2) determined by turbidimetry at 600 nm. 4.5 Fermentation a) Batch fermentation will be performed for the optimization of bio-ethanol production. b) 20% (v/v) of inoculums size will be inoculated into the bioreactor with the condition of pH 4.5 and temperature of 30Â ºC , air flow rate of 1 vvm, agitation of 200 rpm with the initial 02 concentration of 30 %. c) The fermentation process will be carried out for 42 hour and sample will be taken out every 3 hour and analyze for bio-ethanol production, sugar and cell biomass. d) All experiment will be run in triplicate. 4.5.1Â  Batch fermentation. 4.5.1.1Â  Effect of sugar concentration (Effect of Cultural Conditions on Ethanol Production by Locally Isolated Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Bio-07 by Arifa Tahir et al, 2010) OPF juice volume use will be varied in the range of 30% to 50%. (30%, 40%, 50%) 4.5.1.2Â  Effect of agitation speed (Optimization of Fermentation Medium for the Production of Ethanol from Jaggery Using Box-Behnken Design by Mary Anupama.P et al 2010) The fermentation will be carried out at different agitation rate in the range of 125 rpm to 175 rpm. (125, 150, 175) 4.5.2Â  Fed Batch fermentation 4.5.2.1Â  Effect of feeding rate (Production of Ethanol by Fed- Batch Fermentation by Ngoh Gek Cheng et al, 2009) The fed batch fermentation will be run according to the best optimized condition from the batch fermentation condition. Substrate will be feed continuously into the bioreactor using peristaltic pump at glucose concentration (glucose concentration from OPFJ?) varying from 2 ml to 8 ml at feeding rate of 2 ml/h . (2 ml , 4 ml, 8 ml) 4.5.2.2Â  Effect of feed time (Production of Ethanol by Fed- Batch Fermentation by Ngoh Gek Cheng et al, 2009) a) Substrate will be feed from the interval of every one hour to three hour at feeding rate of 2 ml/h. ( 1 hour , 2 hour , 3 hour ) 4.6Â  Harvesting (Study on Bioethanol Production from Oil Palm Trunk (Opt) Sap by Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Kyokai No.7 by Nina Farhana, 2010) Each batch of fermentation will be terminated according to optimized time period. b) Sample (15 ml) will be taken out and the samples will be kept in refrigerator at 4oC before analyze for bio-ethanol production, sugar and cell biomass. 4.7Â  Yeast strain and it improvement (High-level Production of Ethanol during Fed Batch Ethanol Fermentation with a Controlled Aeration Rate and Non-Sterile Glucose Powder Feeding of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Hyen-beom-seo et al, 2009) a) Saccharomyces cerevisiae will be growth on Nutrient Broth (yeast extracts, 10g/l; peptone, 20g/l; glucose, 20g/l and agar, 20g/l) slant in a 30 ml universal bottle. b) The slant culture will be exposed with UV light (6 watt, 254nm) for 15 second interval at a distance of approximately 7 cm from the slant. c) A loopful of irradiated slant culture will be streak onto a Nutrient Broth agar plate and subsequently incubated for 3 days at 27Â ºC. d) After that the colonies will be incubated in Nutrient Broth medium containing 100 g/l of ethanol at 27Â ºC while shaking at 100 rpm for 5 days to select resistance colonies. 4.8 Analysis method 4.8.1 Sugar content by HPLC (Oil Palm Fronds Juice as Future Fermentation substrate: A Feasibility Study by Che Mohd Hakiman Che Maail et al, 2014) HPLC type:HPLC (Shimadzu Japan ), equipped with refractive index Detector Type of column: APS-Hypersil column ( diameter of 250mm x 46mm) Mobile phase:70% Acetonitrile and 30% de-ionized water Column temperature:40Â °C with maximum operating temperature of 80Â °C Flow rate: 0.6 ml/min Sample volume: 20Â µl Pressure: 10MPa 4.8.2Â  Cell dry determination (Study on Bioethanol Production from Oil Palm Trunk (Opt) Sap by Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Kyokai No.7 by Nina Farhana 2010) Cell suspension will be vaccum-filtered using 0.45Â µm filter paper Cell suspension for each samples will have to be rinsed 2x with distilled water. Each sample will be dried at 70Â °C more than 24 hours until constant weight achieved. Dried filter paper will be weighed on a analytical balance to measure the biomass. 4.8.3 Ethanol concentration using GC (Production of Ethanol by Fed –Batch Fermentation by Ngoh Gek Cheng et al, 2009) Column : RT-Q-BOND (inner diameter of 0.32 mm) Carrier gas: Helium gas Detector: Flame ionization detector (FID) Temperature : 200 C Flow rate : 21.9 mL/min Pressure : 71.1 kPa Holding time : 5 minutes % bioethanol yield is calculated using this formula: 5.9 OPTIMIZATION OF ETHANOL FERMENTATION RSM analysis will be conducted using Design Expert Software. The optimized parameters will be verified by running the new fermentation as suggested. 6.0 ANALYSIS The significance of difference between each test variable will be determined using one way ANOVA analysis and Least Significance Test, computed using SPSS version 21.0 software. All tests will be done with a confidence interval of 95%. 7.0Â  REFERENCES Ngoh Gek Cheng, M. H., Andri Chahyo Kumoro, Tham, C. F. L. A. M. 2009. Production of Ethanol by Fed-Batch Fermentation. Pertanika J. Sci. Technol., 17, 399 – 408. Hyeon-Beom Seo, Seung Seop Kim,Hyoen0Yong Lee and Kyung Hwan Jung (2009).High level Production of Ethanol during Fed-Batch Ethanol Fermentation with a controlled Aeration Rate and Non-Sterile Glucose Powder Feeding of Saccharomyces cerevisie .Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering,14, 591-598. Jamaludin, N. F. M. 2010. Study On Bioethanol Production From Oil Palm Trunk (Opt) Sap By Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Kyokai No.7(ATCC 26422). Bachelor of Chemical Engineering (Biotechnology), Universiti Malaysia Pahang. Zahari, M. A., Zakaria, M. R., Ariffin, H., Mokhtar, M. N., Salihon, J., Shirai, Y. Hassan, M. A. 2012. Renewable sugars from oil palm frond juice as an alternative novel fermentation feedstock for value-added products. Bioresour Technol, 110, 566-71. Che Mohd Hakiman Che Maail, Hidayah Ariffin,Mohd Ali Hassan,Umi Kalsom Shah and Yoshihito Shirai (2014).Oil Palm Frond Juice as Future Fermentation Substrate : A Feasibility Study.Bioresource Technology,110,566-71. Miller, G.L., Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar,Anal. Chem.,31,426, 1959. GANTT CHART AND MILESTONES

Existentialism in The Stranger (The Outsider) :: Camus Stranger Essays

Existentialism in The Stranger Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes a few main points, such as the freedom to choose and the choices you make should be made without the assistance of another person or standard. From the existentialist point of view you must accept the risk and responsibility of your choices and follow the commitment to wherever it leads. Someone that is put in a particular situation understands it far more than someone looking in on that same situation, one commonly used situation that appears often in existentialist writing is that of death. The existentialist should learn to accept death when the time has to come and should know that the most important questions in life are not accessible to reason or science. Acting on your own experiences is essential in arriving at the truth and "man is condemned to be free. (Sartre)" There were two parts in The Stranger that helped me better understand existentialism the most. One part of the novel that helped me to understand existentialism better was when Meursault shot the Arab on the beach and how he handled the situation afterwards. The Arab had drawn his knife and held it up to Meursault, but this wasn't what bothered him, it was the light from the sun that shot off the Arabs knife, and the intense heat along with the salt from his sweat in his eyes that was bothering him. Meursault shot the Arab mainly because he was uncomfortable and not because he felt threatened, but in any case he made the decision to shoot him. In the next chapter Meursault can't understand why he would need an attorney for his case because it's simple to him, he had murdered a man and was now ready to pay the consequences. He had made a choice that might not have been the right one but he accepted it and was ready to go through with his decision to wherever it would lead. The other part in The Stranger that helped me to understand existentialism better was at the end of the novel when Meursault is sentenced to death. I don't think Meursault was an existentialist but I do think that he faced death the way an existentialist would have.

Hysteria :: essays papers

Hysteria In 1692, in Salem Massachusetts, the superstition of witches existed. In The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, a group of young girls act up and are then accused of being witches. These girls then blame other people in order to get out of trouble and even pretend to be "bewitched" in front of the court during a trial. This leads into the deaths of some innocent people who were accused found guilty. The leader of the group is Abigail, who is in love with John Proctor. Many situations in the poem can still be found in modern examples. It can be compared to an article about protecting children from social workers who want to have the children removed from their home just because their parents didn’t get them a vaccination. They both involve isolation from different believes, innocent are accused of a crime, and people refuse to go against their beliefs. The Puritan society was led by a church that promoted isolation from any other group of people with different beliefs. The church was against dancing, singing and chanting as related to devil-worship. It was a time of anxiety and skepticism. After the girls in the village were caught dancing in the woods and one of them falls sick, rumors circulated about witchcraft going on in the woods, and that the sick girl has been bewitched. Once the girls talk to each other, they become more and more frightened as being accused as witches, so Abigail, the main character and the principle accuser, starts accusing others of practicing witchcraft to save her friends. It results in the hanging of many innocent people. The parents of the children in the article distinct believe that it is safer if their children aren’t vaccinated for tetanus. So when the children do get tetanus the social workers try to take the children away. This is like punishment for the parents who are totally innocent. All they wanted to was keep their children healthy. Both the group of girls and the social workers, who have done wrong, get no punishment. The Judges and preachers try to get the people the girls accused of being witches to confess to being witches so they can have mercy on them. Most of them will not do this. They stick to telling the truth about really not being witches until the death. The parents of the children also stick to what they believe is best.

netherlands :: essays research papers

Netherlands Location: Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and Germany Geographic coordinates: 52 30 N, 5 45 E Map references: Europe Area: total: 41,526 sq km land: 33,883 sq km water: 7,643sqkmArea - comparative: slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey Land boundaries: total: 1,027 km bordercountries:Belgium 450 km, Germany 577 km Coastline: 451 km Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM Climate: temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters Terrain: mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in southeast Elevation extremes: lowest point: Prins Alexanderpolder -7 m highest point: Vaalserberg 321 m Natural resources: natural gas, petroleum, arable land Land use: arable land: 25% permanent crops: 3% permanent pastures: 25% forests and woodland: 8% other: 39% (1996 est.) Irrigated land: 6,000 sq km (1996 est.) Natural hazards: flooding Environment - current issues: water pollution in the form of heavy metals, organic compounds, and nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates; air pollution from vehicles and refining activities; acid rain Environment - international agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Geography - note: located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or Meuse, and Schelde) Netherlands People Top of Page Population: 15,981,472 (July 2001 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 18.38% (male 1,501,925; female 1,436,017) 15-64 years: 67.9% (male 5,518,575; female 5,333,442) 65 years and over: 13.72% (male 899,052; female 1,292,461) (2001 est.) Population growth rate: 0.55% (2001 est.) Birth rate: 11.85 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) Death rate: 8.69 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) Net migration rate: 2.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.) Infant mortality rate: 4.37 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 78.43 years male: 75.55 years female: 81.44 years (2001 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.65 children born/woman (2001 est.) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.19% (1999 est.) HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 15,000 (1999 est.) HIV/AIDS - deaths: 100 (1999 est.) Nationality: noun: Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women) adjective: Dutch Ethnic groups: Dutch 91%, Moroccans, Turks, and other 9% (1999 est.) Religions: Roman Catholic 31%, Protestant 21%, Muslim 4.4%, other 3.6%, unaffiliated 40% (1998) Languages: Dutch total population: 99% (2000 est.

Education and Fast Growing Society Essay

The co-educational system has always been an issue of great controversy. Its supporters claim that separating boys from girls is completely unrealistic since schools are supposed to depict society and prepare children to become its active members. On the other hand, those not in favor of it claim argue that single-sex schools are more effective since they are adapted to each sex’s needs and features. There is little doubt that single-sex schools may be more targeted to each sex’s traits. For example, boys’ schools are stricter in order to achieve discipline while girls’ schools focus on teaching them major principals that will help them lead a successful life not only as professionals but also as family leaders later in life. In addition, boys and girls tend to distract each other during the lesson and therefore make it difficult to concentrate. I am of the opinion that co-education has more to offer to the modern society. First of all, single-sex schools are utterly out-of-date and belong to the past when boys and girls socializing was considered immoral. Nowadays, that both sexes are equal, the mentality of creating and maintaining separate educational facilities is unacceptable. Moreover, having girls and boys in the same environment promotes their competitiveness in a creative way which leads to a high quality learning process. In a final analysis, co-education has proved to be more suitable in answering the increasing demands of our fast growing society. Considering how hard women have fought over the years to gain their rights, wouldn’t it be unfair to have separate schools?

Patient and Hybrid Record Essay

1. What is the potential impact of the copy/paste functionality on the integrity of the data and information contained in an EHR? The copy/paste function opens the possibility for fraud, medical error and risk for malpractice claims. Fraud could occur when a copy/paste function is used and than an insurance company is billed for the procedure/services 2 or 3 times. When in reality the procedure/service was only completed once. Medical error can occur with the copy/paste function, when a nurse reads a chart made by a doctor who copy/pasted instructions or initiates a procedure that was already completed but the doctor didn’t realize that they copy/pasted it again. Than the nurse completes the procedure again, which can have fatal results. Thus opening the door for malpractice and even criminal suits. Thus the integrity of the whole file would have been compromised by on click of a button. 2. How does copy/paste functionality affect reimbursement? The copy/paste function can affect reimbursement because your insurance could get billed several times for the same procedure that was only completed once. Than your insurance could potentially deny the whole procedure leaving you with the bill and the headache of getting it sorted out. The other side of the coin is that with copy/paste function being used could make it to where someone else’s insurance gets billed if the last copied document is from another’s file than they clicked onto your file and though they highlighted something new but didn’t causing a whole new set of problems. 3. What measures can a hospital take to improve data integrity in their EHR while still achieving their goal of streamlining the documentation process? There needs to be educational training on the functionality of the copy/paste function and when and where it should and should not be used. EHR professionals need to come up with some new software applications that would cut down on the amount of functions that can be implemented into one document without a review by a trained professional. New better software and proper training is the way to go in my opinion. Don’t let staff get lazy and complacent with using the copy/paste function. 1. What impact can a hybrid record have on patient care? The hybrid record could have negative and positive effects on patient care. One negative effect would be that it would take longer to access and put together if a whole file is requested. Another negative would be just where exactly is all of these paper records being kept. A positive effect of the hybrid record is that if the computer system is compromised in some way there would be a paper record. 2. How might the hybrid record change health information management? The hybrid record would change health information management because you would have to have employees to care for all these records, as well as employees for the computer files thus creating more staff and costing more. There would of course have to be training on how to properly handle the hybrid record having thus an effect on the health information management team. Who would have to implement training, schedule personnel off to take the training find yet others to cover for that training. Again costing more money and time. 3. How might a hospital overcome some of the issues created by the hybrid record? To overcome some issues created by the hybrid record you would have to have good education/training in implementation of new data, new software and soft- ware development. Different sections of the hospital should help in the development of software that would be beneficial to the entire hospital or clinic, so that no one section is left out of the decision process, so all need are attempted to be met. Educate not only the HIM staff but the hospital or clinic as a whole so that everyone knows where things are kept and how they are stored.

Racial Diversity: Historical Worksheet Essay

Answer the following questions in 100 to 250 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. Throughout most of U.S. history, in most locations, what race has been in the majority? What is the common ancestral background of most members of this group? The majority race has been prodominitly white. Most of the ancestral backround was found to be European. Most people that come from an European backround are clumped together into the category of race under White. Just like everyone that is from Africa is together as â€Å"Black†. There is also a racial trend that id there is even a small percentage of African heritage you are considered to be black. A great example of this is Tiger Woods who is considered to be black when in fact he is only 1/8 Afican history. http://anthro.palomar.edu/ethnicity/ethnic_6.htm What are some of the larger racial minorities in U.S. history? What have been the common ancestral backgrounds of each of these groups? When did each become a significant or notable minority group? Blacks and Hispanics make up a larger percentage of the racial minorities in U.S. history then any other. Blacks have a history in the United States that started in the 16th century when they were brought over as slaves. The majority of todays African American population are decendants of these slaves. Hispanics have been a great part of the United States since 1565 when Saint Augustine was founded by the spanish. It grew after that into New Mexico, and Arizona, and California. The popultion of Hispnics is much greater in the south. In what ways have laws been used to enforce discrimination? Provide examplesBlac

My Experience at the Animal Shelters

These are my experiences while visiting both animal shelters; first I visited Orange County Animal Services. When I came in I realize there were people standing on line waiting to talk to the clerk to tell her their business in the shelter. While waiting on line I observed this two young girls in front of me very excited that they were adopting a dog, when they got to the clerk they told the clerk that they had choose a dog and were ready to take him home, the first question from the clerk was what’s the cage number, but they didn’t know the cage number So the clerk told the girls to go back and check the cage number, soonest they left it was my turn to tell the clerk my business at the shelter. I told her I was there from school and it seem like she has got a lot of those visits because before I could finish she told me the best way to get around the shelter, so I wouldn’t miss anything. She told me that after I was done to come back to her and she would have a brochure signed and ready for me to take. I started walking down the hall and the first thing I saw was a table with some pictures of what I suppose is people that work or volunteer there, with dogs and cats from the shelter; the table was decorated with some dog or cat toys. I kept walking and started hearing barking I was getting closer to where the dogs are. As the barks from the dogs were getting louder I looked around at the walls of the hallway they had pictures of dogs and cats with their happy owners that had adopted them from the shelter. Almost at the end of the hall there was a whole wall of pictures with dogs that were missing from their owners, they all looked so happy in the pictures I counted 18 pictures of dogs that were missing from their owners, after I had reviewed and counted the pictures of the missing dogs. I continued walking down the hall and got to the first door because there are two doors to get to the actual place where the dogs are kept. As soon as a walked in I saw the two young girls from earlier, they were getting the info that the clerk needed to continue with the adoption procedure; the dog they were taking was the first dog in the left. I wanted to ask them some questions but they seem to be so exited and in such a rush that I decided not to ask them anything, regardless I saw the dog they were adopting his name is Gizmo he is a five month old male pointer/bloodhound mix he is super happy and riendly I took a picture with my cell phone I kept walking by the cages looking at the dogs trying not to overdo it because I couldn’t stop feeling bad that they had no home and no master to wag their tail to, even though they all seem to wag their tail to very person that passed by and they tried to look as happy as they can under the circumstances, is like if they knew that th ey had to look their best because one of those person passing by could potentially by his or her new master There were about 60 dogs in house on that day, after walking by all the dogs. I went to where the cats are kept. Where the cats are kept is divide it in three parts, two small rooms were in the front to the left and right side. In the middle was the entrance to the bigger room where most of the cats were kept in small cages, that were all around the room, most of the cages had cats in them some of them had two cats in it. There were two women that were working as volunteers; I asked them a few questions. They told me there were about 60 cats in house at the moment they didn’t know the number of cats and dogs that get adopted but they told me it was high if not 100% In that particular animal shelter, they also explained to me what the two smaller rooms are for. The one in the right side was for letting that cats stretch out and do exercise. The other room on the left was for the people who wanted to adopt a cat, could get to know his or her new cat better. After I was done walking through the shelter I went back to the clerk in the front. she had a brochure sign and ready for me to take, I came out from the first shelter and went in to SPCA of central Florida, which was a little confusing to me because it looked like a store, I asked the clerk and she told me I was in the right place, that was the entrance she told me which was the best way to get around the shelter and told me when I was done walking around to come back to her so she can give me a signed brochure. I found that both shelter are the same but different this one had fewer dogs and they looked to me bigger than the once from the other shelter they had about 40 dogs in house at the moment. After I was done with the dogs, I went to the cat section and to my surprise it was a lot bigger than the other one and had different rooms for different thing, there was a section for sick cats, for healthy cats, for cats that are going home, for cats to know their new master, and for wild cats. I talked to Sherry a nice lady that works there and had the patience to walk and showed all the cat places I mentioned. I ask her about cats and dog adoptions and she told me it was a lot higher for dogs than cats at this shelter, I asked why and she said many different reasons, but mainly because they in house so many wild cats, that made me feel sad because I saw the wild cats and they are just as beautiful as the rest of them I took a picture of a wild cat that I saw at the shelter I will include in this report. After I was done walking the whole shelter I went back to the front desk clerk to collect my brochure and that’s the end of my walk in two Orange County Shelter, I hope you have enjoy reading it as much as I enjoy making it.

Arizona Court System Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Arizona Court System - Assignment Example The Superior Court of Arizona is the general jurisdiction court, and serves the purpose of statewide trials. This court has the discretion to hear the largest variety of suits, and documents records of court processes permanently. The Arizona Court of Appeals determines appeals against the decisions entered by the Superior Court of Arizona. The Arizona Supreme Court is the highest court in the state having the jurisdiction to decide on high-level cases in the state. Arizona Supreme Court The Arizona Supreme Court is the highest court in the state. It comprises the Chief Justice, a Deputy, and Associate Justices numbering three (Berch, 2011). The justices are chosen by the governor of the state from a list proposed by an impartial commission. Justices defend their seats in a poll, 24 months after they assume office, and then every term lasting six years (Jacobs, 1995). The justices must retire once they attain 70 years of age. The chief justice is picked by the court to serve for a fi ve-year term, and is allowed to defend his seat in subsequent elections. The holder of the office oversees the management of all the lower courts, and doubles as the Commission on Appellate Court Appointments chair. The mandate of the commission is to nominate judges to the courts of appeal. The Arizona constitution mandates the Chief Justice to make the appointments of the propose nominees, two months after the proposal of the names should the Governor fail to execute the mandate (Jacobs, 1995). The Vice Chief Justice is permitted by the law to act as Chief Justice in case the latter is absent or unable to effectively discharge the uties. The deputy Chief Justice is selected by the court, which also determines the terms of service (Jacobs, 1995). The court’s discretion is captured in the Arizona Constitution. Most of the petitions filed at the court pass through the appellate courts of the state, except for cases involving capital punishment, in which case the court has sole discretion to act (Laffey, 2003). The Arizona Supreme Court also has jurisdiction in hearing of election petitions. Although, three judges make a quorum, all the justices must sit in the event of annulling legislation on grounds that it contravenes the state’s constitution. Arizona Court of Appeals The Arizona Court of Appeals plays the intermediary role and appeals against the verdicts entered by the Arizona Superior Courts. The court is split into two chambers, with a 22 serving judges: sixteen judges are in Phoenix’s Division One, and the remaining are in the Tucson based Division Two (Jacobs, 1995). The jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals is to examine appeals in civil petitions from the lower Arizona Superior Court. Rulings on cases involving juvenile and family relations entered by the lower court, workers’ remuneration and employment issues, tax court rulings, and particular corporation commission verdicts are reviewed by the court (Berch, 2011). Additi onally, it is within the jurisdiction of the court to hear appeals in criminal cases from the lower court, except for petitions in which a capital sentence has been ordered. Death penalty petitions are taken straight the Supreme Court of Arizona (Laffey, 2003). The Arizona Court of Appeals may also consider and identify cases for special action; these cases often involve the issuance of special writs. Arizona Superior Courts In Arizona, the Superior Court is the only judicial body mandated to hear and determine different

Read an article and answer questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Read an and answer questions - Article Example Aside from these surveys, researchers used real women and digitally manipulate their overall appearance as the participants watched; researchers can immediately recount their reactions and perceptions to their own bodies. Women are insecure and at times overly degrade themselves because of not achieving â€Å"the look.† Binge eating --- Women feel more satisfied with their bodies when they are not eating and their stomach became flatter. Throwing away the food eaten and followed by eating fruits as subordinate. Time and again, binge eaters or bulimics, in their latter life recorded serious illnesses that include death. Anabolic steroid use – Because of the pressure to keep up with the competition specifically in the body building field, men are taking steroids to further enhance their muscle shapes or bulkiness. This addicting drug use has harmful effects in the body. Through time using this enhancer results in the breaking down of the functions of the kidney and liver. Hypertension, hepatitis and high risk of fan HIV infection for those who uses the injectable that centers on men because they are the ones subjective to body building. Cosmetic surgery – A billion dollar industry and a phenomenon for the society of youth-obsessed society. Commercials dominantly affected the women on how they supposed to look. What is the norm and what is the â€Å"perfect† that pushed them to decide to go on the knives. Cosmetic surgery is not just simply placing make up on and being washed off at the end of the day. This would reverse the natural look of ones’ physical being. This also includes liposuction. Dieting (â€Å"fad† or â€Å"faddy†) --- This is usually a liquid protein diet or fruit diet and a powder mixed with water protein drinks. A person would eat no other than fruit throughout this period. Dieting with only drinks and easily digested fruits tend to make a person hungrier and crave more than ever thus, diverting into another kind

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Sociology - Essay Example Likewise, if the polling takes place in the daytime, it will be under-represented by working people. One of the keys to using these polls is to assume that the margin of error is far greater than the polls would lead us to believe. Generally, the margin is plus or minus 3 percent. However, the reasons given above would inject more than this amount of error. News outlets are challenged to produce polls almost daily that have a headline grabbing quality. The consumer needs to be aware that these polls are used to sell news and attract an audience. They are not scientific or for the benefit of the viewer. While it would be a bit overboard to regulate the polling, it is the responsibility of the source to be as accurate as possible. In an election, the candidate that is reported as the frontrunner may have an advantage, as people like to vote with the winner. This is why momentum is regularly brought up as a desirable feature of a

The Theory of Conservative Crime Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Theory of Conservative Crime - Assignment Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that the theory of conservative crime states that committing a crime is an individual choice. In an article published in 2013, the case of a female teacher who committed the sexual offense with a 14-year-old in 2004 was made public majorly to highlight the decisions that were made in the court in regard to her case. The cause was presented in a conservative perspective majorly due to the fact that the article indicated the effects of her acts that led to her arrest such as lewd as well as the lascivious battery with the teenager. The female teacher, Mr. Debra Lafava was responsible for committing this crime. The free will of criminal offenders is usually a major issue; a person’s liberty to make certain personal decisions is a great determinant of whether or not they commit a crime. In some cases, individuals may make decisions and act according to their decisions in manners considered legally unethical. In additio n, the definition of criminal acts is considered broad. This is due to the fact that what is considered crime vary from one society to another. Crime entails myriad issues and is described differently from one place to another. Enforcement is pertinent in controlling crime owing to the fact it entails undertaking procedures, specifically geared towards preventing the occurrence of crime i.e. formulation and implementation of legal criminal prevention tools.

Gender History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gender History - Essay Example he men were supposed to be the active participants in the battlefield while for a woman it is important to be chaste and moral to prove that she is a good citizen. The benchmark of patriotism is thus based on the gender of the individual. Here we are going to focus on the same gender construction of the Second World War especially in Britain. Same issue is discussed by Prof. Sonya Rose in her book â€Å"Which People’s War.† Here we are going to discuss the points which are related to the gender construction during the Second World War. All wars which occurred in the history are mainly fought by the men and there are very exceptional cases where women have taken part on actual battlefield right from the mythological war to the modern war. It is generally anticipated that only men are eligible to serve as a soldiers because of their physical strength they have got by nature. Rather the masculinity of any man is judged by his willingness to fight. Of course it doesn’t mean that the women had never participated in the war actively. Some exceptional cases of course are there like Saint Joan or Rani of Jhansi etc. But these women have comprised only 1% and the rest of the women have denied for this work. Generally men and women are socialized to play their role according to their gender. Their minds are culturally prepared accordingly. Hence gender has always been the important and unavoidable matter in the war. Men are given the status of heroes and are always anticipated as the subject while the women are alway s taken for granted as a fragile creature and they are subject to be raped during the war time. Generally war time work used to be divided on the basis of gender. Janet Lee in her book â€Å"War Girl†states, â€Å"Women’s entry into this masculine space of war in any role other than that of nurse, that submissive angel of mercy, threatened the foundation of wartime gender construction with its division into masculine military forces and feminine home

LLB - UNIT 3 TORT 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LLB - UNIT 3 TORT 1 - Essay Example Violation of absolute right does not require the damage to be proved and it actionable per se, Ashby v. White4. The concept of Damnum5 and Injuria6 in relation to tortuous liability explains the real significance of legal damages. Damnum and Injuria are interrelated and determines act actionable or not actionable. These two factors have close relationship with tortuous liability. The relationship between these two terms is explained in the two maxims i) Injuria sine damno and ii) damnum sine (or obsque) injuria. Injuria sine damno: There are two torts one is actionable per se7 and the other is actionable only on proof of damage. Every person has an absolute right to immunity of his person, to his property, and to his liberty. Infringement of this right is actionable per se. In case of injuria sine damno a person whose rights are infringed has cause of action even though there is no actual loss or damage. Ashby v. White4 In this case a legally qualified vote of a person was refused maliciously causing injuria, but the person for whom voted was elected, causing no loss, held it is actionable applying the maxim injuria sine damno. Damnum sine injuria: In damnum sine injuria, where there is an actual and substantial loss (Damnum) without infringement of legal right (Injuria) no action leis. In a suit for damages based on a tort the plaintiff cannot succeed merely on the ground of damage unless he shows that the damage was caused by violation of his legal right. The following are the instances of Damnum sine injuria: Interception of percolating water:- A landowner and mill owner who had for about six years enjoyed the use of a stream, which was chiefly supplied by percolating underground water, lost the use of the stream after an adjoining owner dug on his own ground an extensive well for the purpose of supplying water to the inhabitants of the district. In

Chinese Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chinese Film - Essay Example Not to mention the skills that Chinese are known for, such as the most popular martial arts. China as the leading country in terms of the highest population in the world is one great reason for people in the West to capture their market for greater profitability. Reports reveal that China is now the second film market in the world and projected to be the number one in the years to come. This most populous nation is expected to grow 17% in the year 2015. Potentially, China has around 1.34 Billion movie goers and this number is surely to affect the worldwide film market. Other countries, especially the US flock their investment in China to garner the Chinese population thereby assuring their projects and films to get the most profit (Guardian News, n. p.). There have been a lot of films that are made in China that toppled the worldwide cinema market. The latest hit that smashed the top charts is Ang Lee’s â€Å"Life of Pi†. This movie has generated approximately $570.9 mi llion revenue in the worldwide ticket sales. It has surpassed the other movies in the current film stream, such as â€Å"Les Miserables† and ‘Django. Unchained†. â€Å"Life of Pi† is expected to seize various awards as the movie is proven to be a global hit. It gained positive reviews with the most number of nominations, which reached about 11 Oscar nominations (Miller). â€Å"Life of Pi† is a two hour film derived from the best selling book of Yann Martel. Ang Lee is able to create a marvelous work of art out converting the narrative epic story into an awesome myriad of picturesque effects. The movie centers on Piscine â€Å"Pi† Patel who got stranded in a boat with a Bengal tiger named â€Å"Richard Parker† in the middle of Pacific ocean after their ship got shipwrecked in Marianas trench - the world’s deepest body of water. Pi is traveling along with his father, mother, and brother Ravi in a cargo ship bound for North America where they are supposed to sell their accompanied zoo animals. During the typhoon, Pi made it to a rescue boat along with a set of other supposed to survivors – one hyena, an orangutan, a zebra and Richard Parker. Due to the animal competitions in the boat, only Richard Parker lasted as the other survivor with Pi. As Pi and Richard Parker stayed for days in the boat, they have established their own territories. Along their trip, they encountered various marvels such as being flocked with a school of flying fish, being toppled over by a looming whale, a calm night ocean filled with luminous jellyfish, ravenous storms, intense heat and hunger, and the carnivorous island. These scenes were magnanimously portrayed with great effects that can leave any viewer open mouthed. The realistic and colorful effects, such as the sky reflection on the ocean, the clear marine activities passing through their boat, the shift from rain and sunny weather creates a tangible impact that anyone wo uld stick to the rest of the film. There is also the use of 3D effects which harnessed the result all the more. The movie creates an eerie feeling as the nature is made closer to the viewers. Pi and Parker made good companion to each other as they clamored towards survival. Parker, being a threat to the life of Pi, makes Pi alert all the time. As he said in the movie, his fear for his companion made him alert, thus making him survive. Pi shared his experiences where anyone would embrace their faith and believe in miracles and

Impact of Flow Rate on Water Quality of the River Yare Lab Report

Impact of Flow Rate on Water Quality of the River Yare - Lab Report Example This problem has been mostly alleviated through the removal of phosphorus from these sources before dumping. However, the current concern that is most pressing in regards to the health of the river Yare are the changes in its flow rate that have come as a result of human activity. The present study is meant to investigate the biotic scores from two distinct sampling sites, a "Fast Flow" area and a "Slow Flow" area, and to determine if they are influenced by factors other than organic pollution In order to assess the environmental impact of changes in flow rate velocity on the river Yare, we employed the Biological Monitoring Working Party method (see BMWP). Two sample sets have been collected. The first set was collected in an area of the river designated "Slow Flow" and a second set from a "Fast Flow" area. The area of the river considered as Slow Flow had the following characteristics: meandering, reed lined, no organic matter on Benthos, sediment sand, gravel, no visible flows, mixed banks, clear water, no algae, 0.5 m/s surface velocity, 5 m width. The characteristics of the Fast Flow collection area had the following characteristics: shallow 15-20 cm, stony riffle, surface speed 1 m/s, steep sides, sloping sides, deciduous trees on sides, fallen leaves in water, some green weed in Benthos, water is clear. In this field study, the presence of a variety of species i... Since the mayfly is the most sensitive to the effects of pollution, it is given the rating of 10. Worms, which are relatively insensitive to pollution, are given a score of 1. The total score accumulated from many samples is then assessed in relation to previous scores. Results The raw individual data for the Slow Flow collection as well as the Fast Flow collection is shown in Figure 1. Pooled group data is shown in Figure 2 for both Slow Flow and Fast Flow sampling. Results of the SPSS analysis of the raw individual data is shown in Figure 3. For the Slow Flow data, p=0.00 and p

19th Century English Architecture Essay Example for Free

19th Century English Architecture Essay Introduction * The 19th century heralded the arrival of the Industrial Revolution, which wrought unprecedented socioeconomic and technological changes in England, transforming it into a modern industrial society. This essay examines the impact that these changes have had on the design and construction of two new building types, namely the railway station and prison. * This essay argues that the design and construction of railway stations in England had to be adapted to the changes wrought by the Industrial Revolution, such as widespread rural-urban migration, rapid urban growth and rising affluence in English society. On the pragmatic side, station builders also had to look for alternative materials resistant to corrosion from steam and smoke emitted by locomotives. This essay also examines the social changes and penal reforms in 19th century England which caused a shift in societal perspectives towards crime and punishment, and how these impacted the design of three major prisons at that time. See more: Examples of satire in adventures of huckfinn essay Railway Stations Due to the rapid economic growth and development resulting from the Industrial Revolution, many urban areas expanded at a dizzying rate as people in the countryside flocked to towns and cities looking for employment. Historian Eric Evans notes that Glasgow grew by 46 percent in the 1810s and Manchester by 44 percent in the 1820s. Social problems such as overcrowding, congestion and crime soon followed. These changes resulted in new functional needs and requirements for buildings. * Prior to the 19th century, trains were primarily built for transporting cargo. At the turn of the century, railway stations had to be adapted to cater to the increase in passengers travelling through England for work and leisure. They served as terminals and interchanges for many trains from the different rail companies, as well as waiting areas and temporary accommodation for passengers. From an architectural standpoint, they were important buildings because their * construction incorporated all the major architectural movements of the 19th century, in terms of materials, style and structure. * The first English railway station at Crown Street, Liverpool (fig. 1), like all railway stations, was built mainly to provide shelter for its occupants passengers and trains. In addition, the preceding modes of transportation – the canal and the century-old turnpike system – had specially catered architecture for its passengers; inns were used instead as departure points, relay stations and terminals. As there was no precedent for this building type, most early railway stations, including Crown Street, had their shelters constructed based on the design of sheds built for cattle and wagon. However, the style of railway station evolved in the mid-19th century, due to unprecedented urban growth in cities in England, the increasing social significance of stations and opposition to railway construction. As railway companies began to expand their networks, more people started moving to the cities. Growth in traffic and migration led to overcrowding and congestion in the cities and soon there was a need for a re-evaluation of the station designs. * Railway stations bore social significance in 19th century England as they were iconic landmarks. Driven by the idea that â€Å"the station was to the modern city what the city gate was to the ancient city†, the station’s design was the first impression that travellers got of the city/town. Rising affluence among the English due to the industrial boom meant that the public would also use the station’s design to get a feel of the city and gauge how attractive it was to live in or travel to. One such example is Euston station, universally lauded by the English public for its majestic Doric Arch entrance. As rail travel quickly became affordable for the masses in the 19th century, the design of railway stations also had to take into account class differences in English society. Therefore, the Crown Street station, and many other stations after it, also had different booking areas/waiting rooms designated for first-class and second-class passengers. * The wide-scale construction of railways throughout England faced much opposition from many locals, who criticised the pollution, noise and encroachment it made to rural landscapes. Therefore, builders used design and local building materials to absorb railways into the rural scene. Country stations were designed to look like cottages, gate lodges and farmhouses, using materials such as red brick in the Midlands, golden limestone in the Cotswolds and pale grey in Derbyshire. In the mid-19th century, station builders sought to achieve architectural feats due to increasing competition between companies. One such example was Paddington (fig.2) which boasted of having the widest single-span train shed at that time to cater to the technical demands of the changes in occupant load and social identity. This became an example for other railway stations which were built after it. At the turn of the mid-19th century, due to a significant increase in new building material production, iron became increasingly available and was more frequently used in architecture. At the same time, railway stations were expanding in size due to increasing demand. Wider-span train sheds were needed to accommodate the growing occupant loads on trains. With the previous completion of works demonstrating the potential of iron in achieving wider-span roofs, railway builders started using it. Wide-span roofs allowed greater flexibility in accommodating the growing crowd and the alteration of track and platform beneath it. In addition, iron was regarded as the most suitable choice for railway sheds. As timber (the common material used before iron) deteriorated rapidly under the exposure to sulphurous steam produced by trains, iron, which was more resistant, was used as a substitute. This is a clear example of station builders adapting their materials to peculiar conditions in rail stations. Prisons Prisons in England before the 19th century were places of temporary custody, where inmates regardless of age, gender or offence were locked together in a method known as congregate confinement. Such confinements were overcrowded and had poor ventilation, lighting and sanitation. Among the inmates, there were ill people, drunkards and lunatics. Due to lack of public funding, prisons were also poorly staffed and inmates’ welfare was usually neglected. Official statistics show that crime rates rose in the first half of the 19th century, before eventually falling in the second. The rise coincided with the rapid urban growth in the early years, which led to a demand for more prisons to be built, especially in the cities. In fact, 90 prisons were built or added to between 1842 and 1877. Notable prisons during that time include Millbank, Newgate and Pentonville. The design of these three prisons were affected by ongoing social changes and prison reform movements. The 19th century also saw major reforms to the prison system in England, namely the mass building of large prisons and changes to the treatment of prisoners, due to a shift in societal perspectives. Firstly, severe punishment, often through public execution, became less favoured compared to calibrated punishment proportional to the crime. Secondly, thinkers like Foucault saw prison as a tool for disciplining the offender, for correction and reform. Social reformers like John Howard lobbied for prisoners to be separated according to their gender, crime and health, by solitary confinement and imposition of silence to encourage reflection and penitence among the prisoners. Another social reformer, Jeremy Bentham, conceptualised the â€Å"Panopticon† scheme for a model prison, which consisted of prisoners occupying cells in the circumference of a circular building, allowing fewer guards to survey them from a central observation point. While the design was never implemented in its whole, the key idea of surveillance did take hold in certain prisons. Millbank prison incorporated this idea by building small storey surveillance towers for its staff from which they could receive and give information. To deter potential offenders, the architecture style of prisons was adapted to ensure maximum secrecy and communicate the severity of crime. For example, in Pentonville, the imposing Gothic style was used to great effect, with a portcullis entrance and castellation around the walls, which featured in subsequent prison building. Such barriers kept the public fenced out and sent an implicit message about what went on inside. Another example would be the felons’ door in Newgate which was also ominous and foreboding with â€Å"overpoweringly grim character†. Such designs gave prisons their own peculiar appearance, which eventually became recognized by the public. Prison architects also sought to enforce the separation/confinement school of thought in their design of internal arrangements. Large rooms for congregated confinement were replaced with smaller individual solitary confinement cells. Partitions were erected in spaces whereby prisoners were gathered, such as chapels and workshops (fig.X). These designs were imposed to prevent interaction among prisoners and to emphasise penitence. At Newgate, the chapel was designed such that male felons, debtors and women would enter it through isolated corridors. The chapel feature was novel for its time, adhering to reformers’ belief that moral penitence could rehabilitate offenders. In Millbank, prisoners were separated in silent cells and could only graduate to work together in groups through good behaviour. Conclusion The 19th century is widely seen as the era in which England developed into a modern state, owing to the Industrial Revolution which saw the inception of important inventions such as the steam engine and the development of the railroad and iron industries. Such technological changes also gave rise to socioeconomic changes in England, which affected the style, structure and materials of buildings. Railway stations had to be designed to cope with population growth in urban areas driven by economic development, but also be aesthetically pleasing – some became iconic landmarks embedded in the public consciousness. The use of materials also had to take into account the practicalities of rail operations. On the other hand, prisons were more affected by social changes and penal reforms arising from public debate over crime and punishment. Prisons were expected to incorporate elements of rehabilitation in addition to punishment. Humanitarian reformers like Bentham and Howard also lobbied for the separation of prisoners rather than congregation confinement. These movements changed the way prisons were designed and built in the 19th century. Both building types changed and evolved greatly in the 19th century not merely because of technological breakthroughs, but due to changing beliefs, values and attitudes in English society, which was going through an era of Enlightenment. Given the far reach of the British Empire then, these changes not only impacted England at that time but also its colonies throughout the world and remain visible today. [ 1 ]. Eric Evans, 2001, The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783-1870 by (3rd edition) London: Longman Pearson [ 2 ]. Carroll L. V. Meeks, 1956, The Railway Station An Architectural History, Yale University Press, USA, Pp. 27 [ 3 ]. Christian Barman, 1950, An Introduction to Railway Architecture, Art and Technics, London, Pp. 16 [ 4 ]. * Carroll L. V. Meeks, 1956, The Railway Station An Architectural History, Yale University Press, USA, Pp. 39 [ 5 ]. The Inception of the English Railway Station [ 6 ]. Jack Simmons, 2003, The Impact of the Railway on Society in Britain, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, Pp. 122 [ 7 ]. E2BN, 2006, â€Å"Victorian Crime and Punishment from E2BN†. East of England Broadband Network. Web. 5 Oct 2012 [ 8 ]. Robin Evans, 1982. The Fabrication of Virtue: English Prison Architecture, 1750-1840. Cambridge University Press, pp 247 [ 9 ]. John Pratt, 1993. This Is Not a Prison: Foucault, the Panopticon and Pentonville. Social Legal Studies December 1993, pp 373-395 [ 10 ]. Harold D. Kalman, 1969. Newgate Prison. Architectural History, Vol 12 1969. pp.7 [ 11 ]. Harold D. Kalman, 1969. Newgate Prison. Architectural History, Vol 12 1969. pp.5 [ 12 ]. David Wilson, 2002. Millbank, Panopticon and their Victorian Audiences. The Howard Journal, Vol 41 No. 4 September 2002. Pp 369